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2009年4月7日星期二

希腊罗马传说国的英语典故(二)

文章来源http://xuexi88.blogspot.com/


11.A Procrustean Bed
  A Procrustean Bed直译是“普洛克路斯贰斯的床”,源自古希腊神话的典故。
  在雅典国家奠基者(Theseus)的传说中,从墨加拉到雅典途中有个非常残暴的强盗,叫达玛斯贰斯,绰号普洛克路斯贰斯。希腊问Procrustes的意思是“拉长者”、“暴虐者”。据公元前1世纪古希腊历史学家狄奥多(Diodoros,约公元前80-前29年)所编《历史丛书》记述:普洛克路斯贰斯开设黑店,拦截过路行人。他特意设置了2张铁床,一长一短,强迫旅店躺在铁床上,身矮者睡长床,强拉其躯体使与床齐;身高者睡短床,他用利斧把旅客伸出来的腿脚截短。由于他这种特殊的残暴方式,人称之为“铁床匪”。后来,希腊著名英雄提修斯在前往雅典寻父途中,遇上了“铁床匪”,击败了这个拦路大盗。提修斯以其人之道还治其人之身,强令身体魁梧的普洛克路斯贰斯躺在短床上,一刀砍掉“铁床匪”伸出床外的下半肢,除了这一祸害。
  由此,在英语中遗留下来a Procrustean bed这个成语,亦做the Procrustes' bed或the bed of Procrustes,常用以表示an arrangement or plan that produces uniformity by violent and arbitrary measures之意。按其形象意义,这个成语与汉语成语“削足适履”、“截趾穿鞋”颇相同;也类似俗语“使穿小鞋”、“强求一律”的说法
  eg:I didn't put forth the plan as a Procrustean bed,to which exact conformity is to be indispensable.
  Don't stretch the facts to fit the Procrustean bed.
  12.A Gordian Knot难解的结;难题;难点
  A Gordian Knot直译“戈耳迪之结”。
  戈耳迪(Gordius)是小亚细亚佛律基亚(Phrygia)的国王,传说他原先是个贫苦的农民。一天,他在耕地的时候,有只神鹰从天而且降,落在他马车的轭上,久不飞走。戈耳迪就赶着马车进城去请求神示。其时,佛律基亚的老王突然去世,一国无主,上下动乱不安,于是人们请求神示由谁来做国王。神示说:“在通向宙斯神庙的大陆上,你们遇到的第一个乘马车者就是新王。”恰好这时戈耳迪正乘着牛车前往宙斯的神庙,人们看见巍然屹立在车轭上的神鹰,认为这是掌握政权的象征,就一致拥戴戈耳迪为国王。戈耳迪当了国王后,就把那辆象征命运的马车献给宙斯,放置在婶庙中。他用绳索打了个非常复杂的死结,把车轭牢牢得系在车辕上,谁也无法解开。
  由此,人们常用a Gordian knot比喻a knot difficult or impossibe to unite;the difficult problem or task.
  eg:We must try to solve the problem even if it is really a Gordian knot.
  The knot which you thought a Gordian one will untie it before you.
  13.Cut the Gordian Knot
  Cut the Gordian Knot直译“斩断戈耳迪之结”,源自上篇的同一典故。
  佛律基亚(Phrygia)的国王戈耳迪,用乱结把轭系在他原来使用过的马车的辕上,其结牢固难解,神谕凡能解开此结者,便是亚洲之君主。好几个世纪过去了,没有人能解开这个结。公元前3世纪时,古希腊罗马的马其顿国王亚历山大大帝(Alexander the Great,公元前356-323),在成为希腊各城邦的霸主后,大举远征东方。公元前334年,他率领进入小亚细亚,经过佛律基亚时,看到这辆马车。有人把往年的神谕告诉他,他也无法解开这个结。为了鼓舞士气,亚历山大拔出利剑一挥,斩断了这个复杂的乱结,并说:“我就是这样解开的”因此,to cut the Gordian knot 就是意味着to solve a complicated difficulty by quick and drastic action;to end a difficulty by using a vigorous or violent method;to solve a problem by force.按其形象意义,这个成语与汉语成语“快刀斩乱麻”,“大刀阔斧,果断处置”十分相似。
  eg:They have decided to cut the Gordian knot to wipe out the enemy at a blow.
  Jean is afraid of everything,How can she cut the Gordian knot in her work?
  14.Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh
  Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh直译"骨中之骨,肉中之肉",出自<圣经>中关于上帝造人的神话.
  据<旧约·创世纪>第2章叙述:太初之际,混沌未开,耶和华上帝开天辟地.第一天耶和华创造了白天和夜晚;第二天创造了天空和风云;第三天创造了高山峻岭.平原河流,以及富饶的土地和芳香的花果;第四天他又创造了太阳.月亮和星辰,确定年岁.季节.月份和日期;第五天他创造了各种形状和大小的鱼类和飞禽;第六天他才创造了各种陆上动物,然后他按照自己的形象用地上的尘土造出一个男人,名叫亚当(Adam),这就是神话中人类的始祖.后来,耶和华见押当独居无伴侣帮助他,于是,趁亚当沉睡的时候,从他身上取下一根肋骨造成了一个女人叫夏娃(Eve),领到他面前,亚当说:"This is bone of my bone and flesh of my flesh"(这是我骨中之骨,肉中之肉)。从此两人结为夫妻
  Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh常用来比喻血缘上的亲属关系或思想上的团结一致,即as close as flesh and blood;to be inseperately linked to each other等的意思。
  eg:Our army is bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the people.
  The I.W.W was bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the floating workers.(W.Foster:Pages from a Worker's Life.)
  15.Adam's Apple喉结
  亚当是圣经中人类的始祖,而苹果的历史比人类的历史还悠久。在世界各文明古国的民间故事和神话传说中,苹果都是受人喜爱的一种果实。英语中有个谚语:An apple a day keeps the doctor away.但据圣经故事上说,苹果也给人类带来了麻烦,男人的喉结就是因吃苹果引起的。
  《旧约.创世纪》第3章讲到人类的起源,传说上帝创造人类的始祖亚当和夏娃,在东方的伊甸(Eden)建立了一个园子给他们居住。伊甸园里生长着悦人眼目的各种树木,树上长着各种各样的果实。上帝吩咐亚当说:你可以随意吃园中的各种果子,只是不能吃那棵分别善恶树上的果实,吃了必定要死。这种“禁果”就是apple。后来,亚当的配偶夏娃听信蛇的诱惑,不顾神谕,吃了善恶树上的禁果,还把这果子给它丈夫吃。亚当因心怀恐惧,吃时仓促,有一片果肉哽在吼中,不上不下,留下个结块,就叫“亚当的苹果”两人吃了这果子就心明眼亮,能知善恶美丑。但是由于他们违背了上帝的告戒而被逐出伊甸园。从此,亚当就永远在脖子前端留下“喉结”,作为偷吃禁果的“罪证”。上帝还惩罚亚当,“必汗流满面才能糊口”
  不过也说一说是正当亚当吃的时候,上帝来了,所以亚当急忙吞下去,不料哽在喉咙间了。
  eg:Your Adam's apple isn't apparent.
  Adam's apple can be more clearly seen on men than women's throats.
16.Sell One's Birthright for a Mess of Pottages因小失大;见利弃义
  Sell One's Birthright for a Mess of Pottages直译是:“为了一碗红豆汤而出卖了长子继承权”。
  《旧约.创世纪》第25章记述了这样一个故事传说:犹太族长以撒的妻子利百加怀孕期间,感觉到2个胎儿在她腹内互相踢打,就去问耶和华,耶和华对她说:“两国在你腹内,两族要从你身上出来,这族必强于那族,将来大的要服小的。”
  后来,利百加果然生下一对孪生兄弟,哥哥叫以扫,弟弟叫雅各。两兄弟长大后,以扫好动,常外出打猎;雅各则常在家里帮助料理家务。有一天,以扫打猎回来,又饥又渴,看见弟弟雅各在熬豆汤,就对他说:“我饿极了,给我喝点红豆汤吧!”雅各说:“你要喝汤,就把你的长子权卖给我。”以扫说:“你都要饿死了,要这长子权有什么用呢?”于是,他便按雅各的要求,对天起誓,把长子权卖给雅各,换来饼和红豆汤。以扫吃饱喝足后,起身走了。他哪里想到,为了这碗红豆汤,他的后裔便注定要服事雅各的后裔。
  由此,人们用to sell one's birthright for a mess of pottage短语,来比喻to exchange something of lasting value for something that is of value for a short time only;to suffer a big loss for a little gain.这个成语常缩略为for a mess of pottage的形式。有时也可用to sell one's birthrights.
  eg:It was argued that joining the Common Market...would be giving away her national rights and advantages for a mess of pottage.
  There are many,many people who are willing to prostitute their intelligence for a mess of pottage.
  17.The Apple of Ones' Eye
  The Apple of Ones' Eye的字面意思是“某人眼里的苹果”,在这里,apple指的是the pupil(瞳孔,眼珠),大概因眼珠圆的象苹果之故。瞳孔是眼睛最重要的部分,失去瞳孔,光线就无法通过虹膜中心的圆孔进入眼内而变成了瞎子。所以,这个成语常用来比喻象爱护眼珠一样爱护某个最心爱的人或珍贵的东西,即表示a cherished person or object;sth extrmely precious to one; sb dearly loved等意
   这个成语来字《旧约。申命记》(Deuteronomy)第32章“耶和华遇见他在旷野荒凉、野兽吼叫之地,就环绕他,看顾他,保护他如同保护眼里的瞳人。”在圣经其他地方也有类似的话。英文版《旧约。诗篇》(Psalm)第17章有这样的句子:"Keep me as the apple of the eye,hide me under the shadow of the wings"
   成语the apple of one's eye是固定结构,不得写成the apple of the eye of…的形式;在搭配上,它常与动词be,keep,care for等连用。按其想象意义,它与汉语成语“掌上明珠”颇相似,但其比喻的对象较汉语“掌珠”更广,因“掌珠”通常指心爱的女儿,而不能用与其他场合。
   eg:Little Mary is the apple of her father's eye
  Mind the reputation of your school as you care for the apple of your eye.
  18.The writing/Finger on the Wall不详之兆;大祸临头
  这个成语的字面意思是“墙上的文字(或手指)”,而实际含义是a sign or warning of impending disaster(迫在眉睫的凶兆);a sign that sth bad will happen; a feeling that ones number is up;等等。其语言外壳与内涵是怎样联系起来的呢?还是出自《圣经》
  据《旧约。但以理书》(Daniel)第5章记述:有一次古巴比伦(Babylonian)的国王伯沙撒(Belshazar)正在宫殿里设宴纵饮时,突然,不知从哪里出现了一个神秘的手指,当者国王的面,在王宫与灯台相对的粉墙上写西了四个奇怪的单词:MENE(弥尼)、MENE(弥尼)、TEKEL(提客勒)、UPHARSING (乌法珥新)。国王张皇失措,惊恐万分,谁也不懂墙上所写的字是什么意思。后来叫来了被虏的犹太预言家但以理,才明白了这几个字的意思就是大难临头。他说:“弥尼就是上帝已经数算你国的年日到此为完毕;提客勒就是你被称在天平里显出你的亏欠;乌法珥新就是你的国分裂,归与玛代人和波斯人。”果然,当夜伯沙撒被杀,又62岁的玛代人大利乌取而代之。
  依次,“墙上的文字(或手指)”就表示身死国亡的凶兆。英语中这个成语有几种表达方式:the writing/handwriting on the wall或a finger on the wall,通常与be,like等系动词连用;有时写成see/read the writing on he wall的句型,表示提出警告,such as :Don't you see the writing on the wall, 有时候也可省略on the wall,只说Don't you see the writing?意思也是一样的。
   eg:This inexplicable incident seemed,like the Babylonian finger on the wall,to be spelling out the letter of my judgement...
  In this house of his there was writing on every wall.His business-like temperament protested against a mysterious warning that she was not made for him.
  John's emplyer had less and less work for him;John could read the writing on the wall.
  The writing on the wall is clear:if man behaves like an animal and allow hs population to increase while each nation steadily increases he coplexity and range of its environment,nature will take her course and the law of the Jungle will prevail.
  When Bill's team lost four games in a row,he saw the handwriting on the wall.
  19.Not an iota of没有一点点,丝毫也不
  iota是希腊字母表中第9个字母“I”的名称。not an iota of 出自《新约。马太福音》第5章:“律法的一点一画都不能废去,都要成全。”因为iota是希腊字母表中最小的一个字母,它有时可以写作一短横置于其他字母之上;遗漏这一点点对发音并无什么影响,只按规则不能减少而已。《福音书》所说的律法,系指“摩西律”,意即无论何人都不允许随便废去这戒律哪怕是最小的一条,甚至其中的一个字母,一个小小短横也不得更动或遗漏。
  由此,在语言中遗留下来这个成语,转义表示not a bit of ;not one jot or little;not at all等意思。iota在这里,相当于汉语“小不点儿”的意思。
  Eg:Science deals with things in a practical way.Science means honest,solid knowledge,allowing not an iota of falsehood,and it involves herculean efforts and gruelling toil.
  There is not an iota of truth in the story.
  20.The Salt of the Earth社会中坚;民族精华;优秀份子
  The Salt of the Earth这个成语,字面意思“世上的盐”
  盐是饮食中不可缺少的调味品,人体若缺盐,健康就会受到影响,出现种种疾病。盐还有杀菌、解毒、消炎、除污等多种功用,它既是“百药之王”,又是工业之母,确是值得珍视的东西。在许多民族的习俗汇总,盐被当作敬客的高贵礼品。
  The Salt of the Earth一词出自《圣经》,据《新约。马太福音》(Matthew)第5长记载:耶稣对他的门徒说:"Ye are the salt of the earth:but if the salt have lost his savor,wherewith shall it be salted? " 在这里,salt用于转义,表示flavor;of the earth即of the world。这是耶稣登山垂训论"福",所讲福音结尾的话,他把门徒比做“世上的盐”,这是极高的称赞。这句话在后世不断引用变成了一个典故性成语,转义为the most valuable members of sociey;the finest type of humanity;a person or a group of people having the best character 之意
  eg: He does a lot of good jobs and is considered to be the salt of the world.
  You all are the salt of the earth.Our hope is placed on you
21.Cast pearls before swine对牛弹琴;白费好意
  To Cast pearls before swine的意思是“珍珠头在猪猡前面”。 swine是个旧词,书面词,即今为pigs,不过swine单复同行,本句为复数。
  这个成语源自《新约。马太福音》第7章:“Give not that which is holy unto the dogs,neither cast ye your pearls before swine,lest they trample them under their feet,and turn again and rend you”.由于to cast pearls efore swine,比喻确切,在后世不断引用中而成为一个国际性成语,常用来表示to offer sth valuable or beautiful to those who can't appreciate it;to give what is precious to those who are unable to understand its value等意思,含有轻蔑嘲笑色彩。按其字面意义,这个成语与汉语成语“明珠按投”相似,但是寓意不同,基本上不对应;按一比喻意义,它相当于“对牛弹琴”,“向驴说经”“一番好意给狗吃”“狗咬吕洞宾,不识好人心”等。
  She read them Shakespeare,but it was casting pearls before swine
  I won't waste good advice on John any more because he never listens to it.I won't cast pearls before swine.
  ...and when I let the upper floor to Cap'en Cuttle,oh i do a thankless thing,and cast pearls before swine
  22.a wolf in sheep's clothing批着羊皮的狼;貌善心恶的人
  耶稣在加利利一带传道布教,收了很多信徒。有一天,他对门徒说:"Beware of false prophets,which come to you in sheep's clothing,but inwardly they are ravening wolves"
  eg:Mrs.Martin trusted the lawyer until she realized that he was a wolf in sheep's clothing
  One who teaches morality and practises immorality is a wolf in lamb's skine
  23.separate the sheep from the goats区别好坏,分清良莠
  《新约。马太福音》记述:“And before him shall be gathered all nations:and he shall separate them one from another,as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats”
  由于《圣经》的影响,sheep和goat在英语中的形象截然不同,前者比喻好人,后者比喻坏人。英语中有关goat的成语,大多贬义。如:to play the goat=play the fool(瞎胡闹);to get sb's goat(触动肝火) ;等等。《圣经》说牧羊人要分辨绵羊和山羊,“把绵羊安置右边,山羊左边”。据说野山羊常混进羊群里,引诱绵羊,故牧养人必须把它们区分开来,以免混淆。
  由此,人们用to separate the sheep from the goats这个成语,来比喻to separate the good from the wicked; to divide good or useful people from bad or useless
  eg:We'll go through the list of members,and separate the sheep from the goats  Have faith in me,please.I can separate the sheep from the goats
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