2009年5月13日星期三

城管面试实录

文章来源http://xuexi88.blogspot.com/
城管面试实录
考官:什么学历?
考生:小学没毕业。
考官:打过架吗?
考生:家常便饭。
考官:有案底吗?
考生:刚刚出来。
考官:体能吗?
考生:还可以,一脚可以踢翻小贩的小三轮车。
考官:敢拿人家的东西吗?
考生:这是我的强项,就像拿自己的东西一样。
考官:老头敢打么?
考生:小菜,俺爹就是让俺打残的。
考官:的,你考试通过了,我们城管需要的就是你这样的人才!
考官:再问一句 出事了怎么办?
考生:就说是临时工.  
考官:靠~ ,今晚就上班



文章来源http://xuexi88.blogspot.com/

阅读全文...

去年 这个时候我们在外面躲地震

文章来源http://xuexi88.blogspot.com/

去年 这个时候我们在外面躲地震
今年 这个时候我们在家头躲流感

去年 这个时候没事别呆在家里
今年 这个时候没事别呆在外面 

去年这个时候,我们是灾区人民。
今年这个时候,我们是疫区人民。

——成都,一个来了就走不脱的城市

去年猪是坚强的
今年猪是疯狂的 


文章来源http://xuexi88.blogspot.com/

阅读全文...

2009年5月12日星期二

人际关系与沟通

文章来源http://xuexi88.blogspot.com/


人际关系与沟通
现代社会,随着互联网逐渐深入生活,人们获取外界信息的量越来越大,越来越及时,但是也存在一个问题,人与人之间面对面的沟通越来越缺乏,怎么做到面对面能坦然沟通呢?
下面说说人际关系与沟通要注意的几点。
一、形象问题
相信这个不用多说,很多人也明白这个问题了吧?大多人不会和形象不佳的人打交道的吧?所以一个人给人的第一印象,形象很重要。男生、女生,穿着方面干净得体大方即可,不必要追求高档名牌。
二、主动
要想和别人交成朋友,和陌生人或者新同事拉近距离,我们要主动和别人打招呼。这个主动包括几点:
1、招呼,学会主动和别人热情打招呼。
2、称呼,主动给予对方合适的称呼。特别是在职场要学会给予对方恰当职称。
3、联系,要做到能够主动联系你刚刚认识的朋友。
World of warcraft is an onlinewow goldrole-playing experience set in the
award-winning Warcraft universe.
在主动和人交往的过程中,以下几类人最值得我们交往:
1、某方面有成就的人。所谓人无完人,只要某人在某方面获得成功(当然是非负面的),他就值得我们交往。
2、积极上进的人。都说近墨者黑,和积极上进的人交往,我们也会变成为积极上进的。
3、支持和爱护我们的人。假如某人他哪方面都没有什么成就,也不积极上进,但是他支持我们,爱护我们,那这样的人也值得我们交往。
三、表情与语气
与人交往的过程中,要注意自己的表情和语气。大家想想要是你和一个人交谈,但是此人的语气很不友善,眼神很让人讨厌,你还愿意和他继续交谈下去吗?答案是否定的。我们对自己的要求,要做到这样:
1、精神而不复杂的眼神。
都说富贵看精神,正邪看眼神,和别人面对面交往的时候,我们的眼神要炯炯有神,不能让人家在你的眼神里面看出什么来。这样就要让我们有真诚的心。
2、表情和蔼友善
交谈要面带微笑,见面打招呼要和蔼友善,让人感觉我们是真心实意在和他交往。
3、姿态自然
中国人讲究“站如松,坐如钟,卧如弓”,可见我们的形体姿态在别人的眼里是很重要的。
4、语气温和
和人交谈,我们要有一个平和的语气,在上班的环境,我们应该带有职场礼貌的语气,私下里面和朋友交谈,更是要有轻松而温和的语气
四、不批评、不抱怨、不讲别人的坏话
美国某总统说过“除非我能赞美赞同某人,否则我绝不提起他(她)”。面对面和一个人说“你是错的”,相信是你自己听到别人这样说你,你心里面也不爽吧?所以,我们不要轻易直白地说某人那里是错误的,我们可以换一重温和委婉的表达方式,比如说“您看您这样是不是妥当?”“您看能否尝试下别的方式”,等等。这样的表达也不至于打击到人。讲别人坏话的人,自己的心态就不好,可以说是破坏团结(是不是说得有点老土了?),当大家都知道你喜欢在背后说别人的不是的时候,相信这个人活到最后,什么情谊都没有了。
五、真诚的赞美和感激
人往往容易看到别人的不是,却看不见人家身上的优点,不知道大家有没有同感?每个人总有可赞美的地方,我们不能因为他说话吐字不清而忽略了他长得有气质。每个人在内心深处都需要赞美,相信我们自己今天因为穿了一件漂亮的服饰,而希望得到同事朋友的赞赏吧?所以我们要学会欣赏别人的优点并给予真诚的赞美!
当你自己和一位刚刚认识的朋友交谈时,给予对方适当的赞美的时候,你会收到意想不到的效果。
六、站在对方的立场看问题
1.谈对方感兴趣的话题
和某人初次接触的时候,要做到“FOHN”,这个是什么意思呢?
“F”即“Family”,年长的朋友,可以和他聊聊他的家庭,年轻的朋友,可以和他聊聊他的家乡,相信大家都有这样的经历吧?谈起自己的家乡,那可真是
“哪个不说自己的家乡好”。这样一来,聊天的氛围就起来了,初次见面的哪个陌生感是不是顿时没有了。还觉得和别人沟通很难吗?
“O”即“Occupational ”,职业。和初次交谈的朋友交流,我们可以和他聊聊工作问题,或者是学习问题。
“H”即“Hobbies
”,兴趣爱好。往往交流的时候,适当提及对方一些兴趣爱好的问题,也许,有某些地方是和我们相似的,这样聊起来,那可就滔滔不绝了。
Free guide to help you buycheap wow goldwow power leveling.
“N”即“news”,信息新闻。现代社会相信很多人都明白信息的重要性吧?相互交流一些自己知道的信息新闻,某些时候我们的信息对对方有用,说不定他会感激不尽从而加深彼此之间的情谊呢。
2.真诚的发问与聆听
有时候,如果我们不怎么善于表达,那么我们可以不必过多的讲,你只要很真诚地发问,很用心地聆听对方,你就会感觉怎么在交往中时间时间过得如此快?
3.不居功
这点,一般是针对于我们在单位,在职场中的人际关系来说的。我们要做到不居功,不抢功。我们做得好,所有人都看在眼里,记在心上。
帖子251 精华9 积分2325 跨考币687 元 阅读权限30 在线时间78 小时 注册时间2007-6-24 最后登录2007-9-26
查看详细资料引用 使用道具 报告 回复 TOP

zspring
跨考二年级

帖子251 精华9 积分2325 跨考币687 元 注册时间2007-6-24 2# 大 中 小 发表于 2007-8-31 09:34
只看该作者
七、诚实、负责、积极、努力
1、诚实
诚实,人人心里都清楚使怎么回事,但是能不能做到诚实那就是另外一回事情了。所以,在时时提醒自己要诚实。
2、负责,勇于承担
一旦承诺,即要全力以赴。承诺是难于实现的,无论何时何地,一旦这个承诺实现了,那么这个承诺是珍贵的。
3、积极
都说积极的人像太阳,照到哪里哪里亮。一个团队,一个圈子,也许会因为你的积极而改变很多的。
4、努力
你很用心努力吗?
以上几点,对于一个在职场交际中的人来说,是很重要的。有人说过,一个男人要证明自己的心胸宽广,要做到能够赞美别人比自己优秀,要承受得起别人对自己的误会。
八、随时取悦身边的人
凡是出自“我”口的言语,要做到给人方便,给人信心,给人快乐。想想,一个人言语风趣幽默,你愿不愿意和他谈话下去呢?
所以,我们经常逗逗身边的朋友同事,调节下身边的气氛,没有朋友不愿意和我们来往的。我们对所谓的人缘就是这样来的。
文章来源http://xuexi88.blogspot.com/

阅读全文...

年轻人认准目标就要狂热追求

文章来源http://xuexi88.blogspot.com/


年轻人认准目标就要狂热追求
《中国青年》专访王选:年轻人认准目标,就要狂热追求

  王选,全国政协副主席,中国科学院院士、中国工程院院士、第三世界科学院院士,北大方正控股有限公司首席科技顾问。作为汉字激光照排系统的发明者,他推动了中国印刷技术的第二次革命,被称为“当代毕升”;作为青年才俊的导师,他爱才护才,有口皆碑。当我问他:作为科技带头人,您的人生目标是什么?他说:狂热地追求,看准了目标,永不回头。

  能为别人活着,才是有价值的人生

  记者:2002年3月,为表彰您荣获国家最高科技奖,北京大学专门为您召开了科技奖励大会。会上,您谈了您一生中的十个梦想;接下来,又谈了您的“好人观”。正是您的“好人观”,感染了更多的人。

  王选:那一次获奖,让我想起我小的时候。那一年,我10岁。一天,老师宣布要进行一项跟以往不同的评选活动,说要选出一名品德好、大家喜欢的同学,我以压倒多数的票获得了这项荣誉。这一荣誉是非正式的,我也从未告诉过父亲母亲自己获得了这个奖。50多年后,再回想起来,才意识到这一荣誉对我的一生有多么重要。经验告诉我:一个人要想有所成就,他首先要做个好人。“毫不利己,专门利人”,是绝大多数人,包括我自己在内根本做不到的。我赞成季羡林先生关于“好人”的标准:考虑别人比考虑自己稍多一点就是好人。不过,我以为,这个标准还可以再降低一点,就是考虑别人与考虑自己一样多的就是好人。

  我常想,一个人,一个好人,他活着,如果能够为社会的利益而奋斗,那么,他的一生才是有趣味的一生。爱因斯坦也曾说过这样的话:人只有为别人活着,那才是有价值的。我赞同他的话。但凡有成就的人,大多具备这种品质。他们为了社会的利益,为了活得有价值,始终不渝,狂热地去追求。

  记者:从什么时候起,您开始了这种狂热的追求?

  王选:从从事软硬件研究,从研制激光照排项目起,就开始了这种追求。为了激光照排,它的价值、它未来可能产生的影响以及对中国印刷业的这种根本性的革命所带来的前景,我被它深深地吸引住了。今天谈起北大方正,人们会说“既有名,又有利”。但,人们不大了解当时是何等的艰难!在很长一段时间内,我都有一种“逆流而上”的感觉,我几乎放弃了所有的节假日,身心极为紧张劳累,但也得到了常人所享受不到的乐趣。举个例子,1987年至1992年间,每到一处,我首先要看街上的报纸,看那些用了我们的激光照排系统排出的漂亮的版面,这种乐趣是难以形容的。

  1990年11月,我获得陈嘉庚技术科学奖。李远哲与李瑞环同志一同为我们发奖。我问李远哲:你有没有想到能获得诺贝尔奖?李远哲说:“从未想到过。”甚至,他的同事跟他母亲说他能获奖,他都觉得那是胡说八道。获奖那天,他正在作学术报告,他作学术报告的时候,新闻里播出了他获奖的消息。作完报告后,人们纷纷上前向他表示祝贺,这时的他还以为是报告作得好的缘故呢。

  我想,一个有成就的科学家,他最初的动力,决不是想要拿个什么奖,或者得到什么样的名和利。他们之所以狂热地去追求,是因为热爱和一心想对未知领域进行探索的缘故。

  记者:对于名和利,您曾经有过这样一段描述,您说:中国古代有句话,上士忘名,将名利彻底淡忘;中士立名,靠自己的成就把名立起来;下士窃名,自己不行就窃取人家的。您说您做不到上士,因为做不到忘名的地步,但是决不会为了立名而去窃名。

  王选:我想,我现在已经不是一个脱离社会、脱离企业、专门从事基础研究的科学家了,所以,不可能像钱钟书那样淡泊名利。那一年,英国女王来中国访问,请钱先生出席宴会。钱先生不去。他的理由是“我和她不是一路人”。而我的情况不一样,我的工作跟一个企业有关,企业里出了一位院士,获得了一个最高奖,对企业的诚信来说是有益处的。因此,我做不到像钱钟书先生那样忘名的地步。

  一个人,应该自信而不自负,执著而不僵化

  记者:作为汉字激光照排系统的发明者,您推动了中国印刷技术的第二次革命,被称为”当代毕升”;十几年来,您频频获奖:联合国教科文组织科学奖、陈嘉庚技术科学奖、何梁何利科学与技术进步奖、香港蒋氏科技成就奖……在这个科学是第一生产力的时代里,您成了人们心目中的“知识英雄”。以您的目光,成功的人应该具备什么样的素养?

  王选:自信而不自负,执著而不僵化。自信是什么?是相信自己。回想近30年的艰苦历程,我们是始终在与困难作斗争中发展的,用一句话说就是九死一生。但,方正电脑还是在1995年建立起了自己的品牌,建立起了自己先进的管理系统,再经过多年的奋斗,终于成为了PC厂商的老二。为什么?因为我们自信。什么是自负?自负是不顾实际,觉得自己什么都行。执著是认准目标之后,不懈地去努力,狂热地去追求,但不能僵化,要不断地发展以适应新的变化。这又让我想起1974年国家计委支持的一个项目。该项目中有一位老师是技术负责人,他的决心很大,拿出愚公移山的精神说:我做不完,我儿子做,我儿子做不完,我孙子做。我一听,心想:完了,等您儿子、孙子做出来,早不合世界科技发展的需求了,早过时了,后来这一项目夭折了。所以说,要执著,但不能僵化。

  一个成功的人,他还要具有卓尔不群的洞察力和远见。在科学界,曾有这样的一个比喻,所谓指兔子的人、打兔子的人、捡兔子的人。指兔子的人就是指明科研方向的人,打兔子的人就是进行科技攻关的人,捡兔子的人就是让技术在市场上能够产生效益的人。因此,对于一个科研岗位上的领导者来说,他应该具有这种指兔子和打兔子的能力。

  一个成功的人,他更要具备团结人的能力

  记者:这些年来,您一直在强调团结合作问题。您曾经说过:中国不缺少有才华的年轻人,但缺少团结合作的精神。您提出疑问:中国人难道只能由外国老板指挥?中国人难道不能指挥中国人?

  王选:这是我十年前提出的问题。现在的情况已经不大一样了。十年前,美国华人中曾用“下围棋”形容日本人的做事方式,用“打桥牌”形容美国人的风格,用“打麻将”来形容一些中国人的作派。“下围棋”是从全局出发,为了整体的利益和最终的胜利可以牺牲局部棋子。日本的公司或个人在对外时常常表现出团结一致的劲头,甚至他们去海外旅游也要找日本人开的旅馆去住,尽管有时更贵、交通更不便。“打桥牌”的风格则是与对方紧密合作,针对另外两家组成的联盟,进行激烈竞争。“打麻将”则是孤军作战,看住上家,防住下家,自己和不了,也不让别人和。这种作派显然是不好的,尤其是自己出不了成绩,也不让别人出成绩,更是严重影响发展。

  拿计算机软件设计这个行当来说,绝大多数好的软件都是集体创作的成果,作出创造性贡献的最主要的研制者也常常不只是一个,单枪匹马很难有大作为。近20年来,我接触过很多年轻人,学术或技术方面才华出众者并不少见,但全面能力或其他素质方面的一些弱点却或多或少地限制了他们的发展。戈尔曼等一些著名心理学家指出,有必要重新审视传统的智商概念,因为决定一个人将来是否能有所成就的诸多因素中,智力充其量只占20%,而其余80%的因素中,宽厚、自信、坚毅等作用不可低估。心理学家们把后者称为“情绪商”。他们举了一些例子,比如,他们认为:美国贝尔实验室取得很多举世瞩目的成就的根本原因,不在于该实验室科学家们的智商高,而是这些一流学者之间的友好、愉快和有效的合作,换句话说,他们的“情绪商”超过常人。我们应该提倡团队精神,因为,在今天的科技发展中,善于合作的科学家取得大成就的机会更大。

  记者:在谈到团队精神时,心理学家荣格列出这样一个公式:I + We = Fully I,这与您提出的“善于看到他人之长是团队精神的基础”有些类似的地方。

  王选:是啊。为了解释这个问题,我给你举两个例子。一个是我的一位学生。大家公认他能力出众,干活麻利而可靠,但“情绪商”差,任性自傲,与合作者常搞不好关系。后来他到了一家公司主持开发软件,当他发现下级编的程序有错误并指出后,下级改正了他指出的错,却又故意制造了另一个错。为什么?因为他与同事关系不好的缘故。该软件后来很快就在市场上消失了。

  另一个例子是,我的一位大学同班同学,成绩一般,智商并不突出,但“情绪商”很好,他大度、坦诚、待人友爱。大一时,我睡在他上铺,半夜解手儿时我常常迷迷糊糊地踩在他的头上,他总是一笑了之。在核武器领域,他奋斗了40余年,年过花甲之时,当上了工程院院士。

  讲到团队精神,我最敬重的一个人是“两弹元勋”邓稼先。杨振宁在一篇回忆文章中说:“邓稼先是一个最不要引人注目的人物。和他谈话几分钟就看出他是忠厚平实的人。他诚真坦白,从不骄人。他没有小心眼儿,一生喜欢‘纯’字所代表的品格。人们知道他没有私心,人们绝对相信他。”我和邓稼先并不认识,但我很佩服他。他的伟大在于:他不仅自己才华横溢,而且能够让手下比他更出众的人充分施展才华。

  为年轻人成为这个时代的“知识英雄”创造条件

  记者:1993年,您退出了科研第一线,这一年您56岁。按照通常的观念,这正是年富力强的时候。为什么,您却决定了退出?
  王选:1993年2月,我离开了真正设计工作的第一线,到今年已经整整十年了。虽然离开了第一线,但却一直没有脱离科研工作。让我作出这种选择的是1993年春节里发生的一件事情。那年春节,像往年的春节一样,我在家里闭门搞设计。两个星期后设计完成。恰巧我的学生刘志红过完春节回来。他看了以后对我说:“王老师,您设计的这些都没有用,IBM的PC机总线上有一条线,您可以检测这个信号。”学生的一句话,意味着我两个星期的研究成果成了笨拙设计。他的提醒,还让我想起两年前的另一件事儿,也是刘志红。1991年初,方正91设计即将上市,我忽然发现自己设计的芯片在处理图形时有漏洞。一时又想不出解决办法,便把这一问题告诉了RIP组的三个年轻人。当时并没有指望他们能想出对策,因为他们都没有参加这一芯片的设计工作。不料几天后,刘志红想出了一个妙招,回避了这一失误。

  这两件事促使我认真地反省自己。拿我自己来说,我的两次创造高峰是1964年从事软硬件研究(那一年我27岁)和1975年研制激光照排项目(那一年我38岁),那时的我是无名小卒。在工作中我常常会受到一些表面上比我更“权威”,但实际上对技术细节了解甚少的人的干扰。而我自己,这些年,也似乎成了计算机某个领域里的所谓“权威”。但我心里清楚:我看的技术资料和文献已不如年轻人多、第一线的实践也不如年轻人丰富了。在计算机这种新兴学科领域,如果不掌握或不熟悉重要的技术细节是容易犯“瞎指挥”错误的。我的创造高峰已过。我应该做我现在能够做的事,帮助那些有才华、有潜力、尚未成名的“小人物”,他们需要我的支持。

  记者:谈到有才华的人。您的秘书丛中笑女士在我一进门的时候就对我说:可以和王选老师谈谈关于年轻人、关于人才方面的事儿,他一定会很高兴,因为那些都是他的“宝贝”。那么,就请您谈谈这些“宝贝”吧。

  王选:(笑)方正每招一届员工,我就让人事部门整理一本花名册,一有空,我就到这些员工所在的部门去和他们聊天,了解他们的兴趣爱好和特长,不久我就能一一说出他们的名字。我有一个笔记本,是专门用来记录与员工们的谈话的,那确实是我的一件“宝贝”。

  我可以跟你说说我们方正的年轻人。一个是现在已是博士生导师的汤帜。那一天,他是陪着同学到我家来咨询考研,我却录取了他。汤帜的数学成绩很好,程序设计得过奖。在做我的硕士研究生期间,我发现他特别着迷于技术,一个问题想不出来,会一想再想,直至找到答案;他的程序设计也很少出错。现在,由他做技术主导、由周劲负责市场开发的eBook ,再加上在技术上也是尖子的技术开发主管张力,这个项目现在做得很好。计算机软件这个行业与其他行业不同,技术第一线的人太苦太累,而汤帜一干就是16年。这样的人才,我们应该为他们创造更好的条件。

  记者:人才有了,为他们创造条件,留住他们,让他们充分发挥自己、展现自己,就是摆在方正面前的一个重要问题了。

  王选:是啊。有些单位曾经想挖我们的人才,给的薪水也比方正的高,但,他们没有走。他们觉得在方正这样的一个团队里能更好地发挥自己。

  记者:靠什么,方正有了这样的吸引力?

  王选:为他们创造平等、和谐、有利于他们发展的好环境。李远哲曾经说过一句话,他说他在美国体会最深的就是人与人之间是平等的,换句话说,学生可以反对老师。钱学森的导师是国际著名的学术权威,有一次,钱学森跟他争得面红耳赤,导师非常生气,但稍后想想钱学森是对的,第二天便爬上三楼给钱学森赔礼。在方正,我们提倡这种平等,这是一个和谐环境不可缺少的氛围。

  至于当代的年轻人才,他们有个共同特点:对于生活待遇有一定要求,但达到一定的程度后,对金钱又不是无止境追求,即所谓“金钱不是万能的”。但过低的收入,没有安身的住房,也很难让年轻人去“献身”,因此,“没有金钱又是万万不能的”。我们要为他们创造条件,让他们依靠知识和创新成为百万富翁,成为这个时代的“知识英雄”。
文章来源http://xuexi88.blogspot.com/

阅读全文...

女人需要学会的4种气质

文章来源http://xuexi88.blogspot.com/


女人需要学会的4种气质
美丽是表象,可爱却在骨子里。一个不美丽的女人,可以通过日新月异的整容术,成功改造为一个“人工美女”,美的就像是数码宝贝;可爱则更多是一种天生的气质。“人不是因为美丽而可爱,而是因为可爱才美丽”。如何做一个可爱的气质女人呢?


首先要学会充满自信
  
在这个处处充满竞争的社会,那种自怨自艾、柔弱无助的女人已日渐失去市场。
男人不再是女人的主宰,女人也早已不是男人的附庸。


“男人追求的极致是成功,女人追求的极致是幸福”的名言也日渐黯然失色。女人学会自我拯救和自我完善永远是最重要的。渴盼男人赐予你幸福永远是被动而不安全的。

  

一位年轻的女记者在挤身于记者行列之前,只不过是一个极其普通的农家女青年,她高考落榜后,不甘消沉,勤奋苦学,来到一家大报社毛遂自荐要当一名记者,不要一分钱工资,靠写稿维持生计。几年下来,她成了一位颇有名气的记者。

  

男人欣赏乐观自信的女人。这个世界上自强自立的女人多了,男人背负的精神压力就比较小。而且,一个男人能与一个不仅只满足衣食之安的女人共度人生,生活永远不会陈旧,人生也不会走向退化。

  
其次要学会高贵
  

女人的高贵并非指的是一定要出身豪门或者本身所处的地位如何显赫,这里的高贵是指心态上的高贵。男人最反感放荡轻浮、心态猥琐的女人。生活中男人可以是女人的护花使者,但女人本身要给男人提供一种信心――这种信心就是让男人放心,而且乐意为你托付爱。

  

小仲马的《茶花女》中的主子爱上女仆,只因为身为女仆的那个女人气质高贵而又有十足的女人味。这种女人往往会给男人生活信心和勇气,因为她们生命里潜存着一种净化男人心灵、激励男人斗志的人性魅力。现代女性要做到不媚俗、不盲从、不虚华,自然少不了要有这种让男人倍加欣赏的高贵气质。


第三要善意通达
  

这里所说的善意不外乎指女人的温柔。但在这里把温柔改为善意更好。男人当然喜欢女人的温柔,因为女人的温柔能给男人的心灵取暖。然而,温柔有时候似乎又是一种没有原则的爱。一个女人对一个不值得托付温柔的男人付出爱,从某种程度上说是成全了男人的罪恶。

  

爱应该是有所节制的,而且应该是向善的。因此,好女人对男人只要心怀善意就行了。女人爱得泛滥,男人就不太懂得珍惜。在这个年代,男人不再习惯固定在一个小小的居室之中,这样女人更应该学会调适自己,不要一味地为情所困,以至让感情取代了生活的全部。

  

聪明乐观的女人往往能尝试着让自己的心灵变得通达起来,让爱在一种平淡中走向坚固和永恒。有些时候感情这事儿你放开来看,其实恰恰就是一种最好的把握。
  

一位知识女性,她深爱着她的丈夫,但是,她爱她丈夫的时候也没忘记珍爱自己。她的丈夫常年在外经商,但他们的感情十分融洽,从未有过一丝半点的裂缝。有人问:你不担心他在外面寻花问柳吗?这位女士回答:我和他的爱从来都是平等的。从接受他的爱那天起,我就给了他信任,我爱他但不苛求他。我希望他成功完美,但我从未把自己的一切抵押在他身上。我担心什么呢?有些时候感情这事儿你放开来看,其实恰恰就是一种最好的把握。

  

有些女人从一开始就把自己摆到一个乞求感情的地位上,悲剧的根源往往就在这里:你对自己都不自信,别人怎么看重你?男人往往就是这样:你过于看重他,也就是昭示他可以轻而易举地主宰你的感情和幸福了!在这一点上你首先就输了。因此,感情是最在乎尊重和平等的……不用说,有见地和胸怀的女人,男人自然会感到她的可爱了。因为男人爱上一个女人的同时,并不希望在爱的约束下丧失自己的一方世界,男人在乎爱情的默契、宽容和理解。因为这种爱不至阻止男人身心释放地闯荡人生――毕竟,在男人的眼里爱情并不能代表人生的全部。

  
第四做事有主见
  
心理学家分析认为,女人往往感情胜过理智,对待友情、事业、婚姻亦如是,这是阻碍女人发展的致命弱点。
  

一位在深圳的打工妹,在其他打工仔打工妹纷纷陷入现代都市的浮躁与繁华当中迷失自己的时候,她依然保持着清清纯纯的农家女孩的本色。在她的宿舍里,其他女孩几乎都交上了男朋友,只有她尚是“单身贵族”。她告诉家乡的一个女朋友说,我不会喜欢深圳的男人,因为我的根不在那里。我出来只是想挣点钱,一些寄给家里,一些留着给自己置办嫁妆。我今后当然要找男朋友,但我会回家找个本分的男人。像我的这些姐妹,有的不甘心在流水线上做蓝领,绞尽脑汁想去傍大款,能永远幸福吗?我只想靠自己努力工作挣钱,然后回家过平静的日子……无疑,这种站在现实的根基上能够清醒地审视自己的有主见的女人,也不失为男人眼中可爱的女人。

  
一个女人要想完全做到以上几点,看来不是一件容易的事。但是,只要做到了其中一点,在男人眼里,你也不失为一个可爱的女人。

文章来源http://xuexi88.blogspot.com/

阅读全文...

2009年5月11日星期一

捷径英语 大话英语 英语历史

文章来源http://xuexi88.blogspot.com/


Historical Background of British and American English
The history of the English language is divided into three periods: The period from 450 to 1150 is known as the Old English. It is described as the period of full inflections(词尾变化), since during most of this period the case ending of the noun, the adjective and the conjugation(结合) of the verb were not weakened. Old English was a highly inflected language. It had a complete system of declensions(变格) with four case and conjugations. So Old English grammar differs from Modern English grammar in these aspects(方面). The period from 1150 is known as the Middle English period. It is know as the period inflections. This period was marked by important changes in the English language. The Norman Conquest was the cause of these changes. The change of this period had a great effect on both grammar and vocabulary. In this period many Old English words were lost, but thousands of words borrowed from French and Latin appeared in the English vocabulary. In the Middle English period grammatical gender(性) disappeared, grammatical gender was completely replaced by the natural gender.
Modern English period extends from 1500 to the present day. The Early modern English period extends from 1500 to 1700. The chief influence of this time was great humanistic(人文主义的) movement of the Renaissance. The influence of Latin and Greek on English was great. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries are a period of rapid expansion(扩张) for the English vocabulary in the history of the English language.
The development of the English language in America can be separated into three periods: The first period extends from the settlement of Jamestown in 1607 to the end of colonial times. In this period the population in America numbered about four million people, 90 of percent of whom came from Britain. The second period covers the expansion of the original thirteen colonies. This time may be said to close with the Civil War, about 1860. This period was marked by the arrival of the new immigrants(移民) from Ireland and Germany. The third period, since the Civil War, is marked by an important change in the source from which the European immigrants came. They came from northern and southern Europe in large numbers.
As time went on, the English language gradually changed on both sides of the Atlantic. The Americans adopted(接纳) many words from foreign languages and invented large number of new words to meet their various needs.
American English began in the seventeenth century. At the beginning of the 17th century the English language was brought to North American by colonists from English. They used
the language spoken in England, that is, Elizabethan English,
the language used by Shakespeare, Milton and Banyan. At first
the language stayed the same as the language used in Britain,
but slowly the language began to change. Sometimes, the
English spoken in American changed but sometimes the language
spoken in the place stayed the same, while the language in
England changed.
Following American independence, famous persons like
Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Webster began to consider
that the country should have a language of its own. English in
America has developed a character(特点) of its own, reflecting
the life and the physical and social environment of the
American people.
Selected from An Introduction to English Lexicology by Lin
Chengzhang
To the top(回页首)
A Brief Look at the History of English
赵宝斌 摘选 注释
The history of English is conventionally(按惯例), if perhaps
too neatly(巧妙地), divided into three periods usually called Old
English (or Anglo-Saxon), Middle English, and Modern English.
The earliest period begins with the migration of certain
Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth
century A. D., though no records of their language survive
from before the seventh century, and it continues until the
end of the eleventh century or a bit later. By that time
Latin, Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders), and
especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant(占优势的) class
after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a
substantial impact(冲击) on the lexicon(词法), and the
well-developed inflectional(词尾变化的) system that typifies(代表)
the grammar of Old English had begun to break down. The
following brief sample of Old English prose illustrates
several of the significant ways in which change has so
transformed(转化) English that we must look carefully to find
points of resemblance(相似) between the language of the tenth
century and our own. It is taken from Aelfric's "Homily on St.
Gregory the Great" and concerns the famous story of how that
pope came to send missionaries(传教士) to convert(使...改变信仰) the
Anglo-Saxons to Christianity after seeing Anglo-Saxon boys for
sale as slaves in Rome.
A few of these words will be recognized as identical(一致)
in spelling with their modern equivalents(对应词) -- he, of, him,
for, and, on -- and the resemblance of a few others to
familiar words may be guessed -- nama to name, comon to come,
wære to were, wæs to was -- but only those who have made a
special study of Old English will be able to read the passage
with understanding. The sense of it is as follows: "Again he
[St. Gregory] asked what might be the name of the people from
which they came. It was answered to him that they were named
Angles. Then he said, 'Rightly are they called Angles because
they have the beauty of angels, and it is fitting that such as
they should be angels' companions in heaven.' " Some of the
words in the original have survived in altered form, including
axode (asked), hu (how), rihtlice (rightly), engla (angels),
habbað (have), swilcum (such), heofonum (heaven), and beon
(be). Others, however, have vanished from our lexicon, mostly
without a trace, including several that were quite common
words in Old English: eft "again," ðeode "people, nation,"
cwæð "said, spoke," gehatene "called, named," wlite
"appearance, beauty," and geferan "companions." Recognition of
some words is naturally hindered by the presence of two
special characters, þ, called "thorn," and ð, called "edh,"
which served in Old English to represent the sounds now
spelled with th.
Other points worth noting include the fact that the
pronoun system did not yet, in the late tenth century, include
the third person plural forms beginning with th-: hi appears
where we would use they. Several aspects(方面) of word order
will also strike the reader as oddly unlike ours. Subject and
verb are inverted(倒装) after an adverb -- þa cwæð he "Then said
he" -- a phenomenon(现象) not unknown in Modern English but now
restricted to a few adverbs such as never and requiring the
presence of an auxiliary verb like do or have. In
subordinate(复合句) clauses the main verb must be last, and so an
object or a preposition may precede it in a way no longer
natural: þe hi of comon "which they from came," for ðan ðe hi
engla wlite habbað "because they angels' beauty have."
Perhaps the most distinctive difference between Old and
Modern English reflected in Aelfric's sentences is the
elaborate(细微) system of inflections, of which we now have only
remnants. Nouns, adjectives, and even the definite article are
inflected for gender, case(格), and number: ðære ðeode "(of)
the people" is feminine(女性的), genitive(属格的), and singular,
Angle "Angles" is masculine(男性的), accusative(宾格的), and plural,
and swilcum "such" is masculine, dative(与格的), and plural. The
system of inflections for verbs was also more elaborate than
ours: for example, habbað "have" ends with the -að suffix
characteristic(特性) of plural present indicative verbs. In
addition, there were two imperative(祈使) forms, four
subjunctive forms (two for the present tense and two for the
preterit, or past, tense), and several others which we no
longer have. Even where Modern English retains(保留) a
particular category(范围) of inflection, the form has often
changed. Old English present participles ended in -ende not
-ing, and past participles bore a prefix ge- (as geandwyrd
"answered" above).
The period of Middle English extends roughly(大概) from
the twelfth century through the fifteenth. The influence of
French (and Latin, often by way of French) upon the lexicon
continued throughout this period, the loss of some inflections
and the reduction of others (often to a final unstressed(非读的)
vowel spelled -e) accelerated(加强), and many changes took place
within the phonological(音韵的) and grammatical systems of the
language. A typical prose passage, especially one from the
later part of the period, will not have such a foreign look to
us as Aelfric's prose(散文) has; but it will not be mistaken for
contemporary writing either. The following brief passage is
drawn from a work of the late fourteenth century called
Mandeville's Travels. It is fiction(小说) in the guise(外观) of
travel literature, and, though it purports(主旨) to be from the
pen of an English knight, it was originally written in French
and later translated into Latin and English. In this
extract(摘录) Mandeville describes the land of Bactria,
apparently not an altogether inviting place, as it is
inhabited(居住) by "full yuele [evil] folk and full cruell."
The spelling is often peculiar by modern standards and
even inconsistent(不一致) within these few sentences (contré and
contree, o [griffoun] and a [gret hors], þanne and þan, for
example). Moreover, in the original text, there is in addition
to thorn another old character 3, called "yogh," to make
difficulty. It can represent several sounds but here may be
thought of as equivalent to y. Even the older spellings
(including those where u stands for v or vice versa) are
recognizable, however, and there are only a few words like
ipotaynes "hippopotamuses" and sithes "times" that have
dropped out of the language altogether. We may notice a few
words and phrases that have meanings no longer common such as
byttere "salty," o this half "on this side of the world," and
at the poynt "to hand," and the effect of the centuries-long
dominance(统治) of French on the vocabulary is evident in many
familiar words which could not have occurred in Aelfric's
writing even if his subject had allowed them, words like
contree, ryueres, plentee, egle, and lyoun.
In general word order is now very close to that of our
time, though we notice constructions like hath the body more
gret and three sithes more þan is the water of the see. We
also notice that present tense verbs still receive a plural
inflection as in beren, dwellen, han, and ben and that while
nominative(主格的) þei has replaced Aelfric's hi in the third
person plural, the form for objects is still hem. All the
same, the number of inflections for nouns, adjectives, and
verbs has been greatly reduced, and in most respects
Mandeville is closer to Modern than to Old English.
The period of Modern English extends from the sixteenth
century to our own day. The early part of this period saw the
completion of a revolution in the phonology(音韵学) of English
that had begun in late Middle English and that effectively
redistributed(再分散) the occurrence(发生) of the vowel
phonemes(音素) to something approximating(接近) their present
pattern. (Mandeville's English would have sounded even less
familiar to us than it looks.) Other important early
developments include the stabilizing(固定) effect on spelling of
the printing press and the beginning of the direct influence
of Latin and, to a lesser extent, Greek on the lexicon. Later,
as English came into contact with other cultures around the
world and distinctive(不同的) dialects(方言) of English developed
in the many areas which Britain had colonized, numerous other
languages made small but interesting contributions(贡献) to our
word-stock.
The historical aspect of English really encompasses(包括)
more than the three stages(阶段) of development just under
consideration. English has what might be called a
prehistory(史前的) as well. As we have seen, our language did not
simply spring into existence; it was brought from the
Continent by Germanic tribes who had no form of writing and
hence left no records. Philologists(语言学家) know that they must
have spoken a dialect of a language that can be called West
Germanic and that other dialects of this unknown language must
have included the ancestors(祖先) of such languages as German,
Dutch, Low German, and Frisian. They know this because of
certain systematic similarities which these languages share
with each other but do not share with, say, Danish. However,
they have had somehow to reconstruct what that language was
like in its lexicon(词法), phonology(音韵学), grammar, and
semantics(语义学) as best they can through sophisticated(先进的)
techniques of comparison developed chiefly(主要地) during the
last century. Similarly, because ancient and modern languages
like Old Norse and Gothic or Icelandic and Norwegian have
points in common with Old English and Old High German or Dutch
and English that they do not share with French or Russian, it
is clear that there was an earlier unrecorded language that
can be called simply Germanic and that must be reconstructed
in the same way. Still earlier, Germanic was just a dialect
(the ancestors of Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit were three other
such dialects) of a language conventionally designated
(指定)Indo-European, and thus English is just one relatively
young member of an ancient family of languages whose
descendants(后代) cover a fair portion of the globe.
Selected from homepage by Eleston
To the top(回页首)
English History
These pages provide a quick tour of the English language and
the some of the changes it has seen. Included for your reading
pleasure is a brief tour of Old English and Middle English. In
addition, I have some Items of Interest and Related Links at
the end.
Below is an excerpt of The Nativity according to Luke, first
in Old English, then in Middle English (two translations,
about 225 years apart). If you look at them carefully, you can
see the similarities -- and the striking(明显) differences.
Those who know German or a Scandinavian language can see why
English is called a sister language of German. Also, there was
a time back in the Old English period when the Scandinavian
languages (Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic) and English
were mutually understandable. English is certainly the one
that has broken further away from the other four
(Scandinavians can still pretty much understand each other's
dialects), but the strong influence of Latin (mostly through
the church and scholars) and the Norman invasion(入侵) of
England brought about significant changes in the language, as
did a host of smaller influences.
The Nativity was chosen because the gospels are available in
all three "languages".
Old English
Sotlice on tam dagum w?s geworden gebod fram tam
casereAugusto, t?t eall ymbehwyrft w?re tomearcod. Teos
tomearcodnesw?s ?ryst geworden fram tam deman Syrige Cirino.
And ealle hig eodon,and syndrige ferdon on hyra ceastre. Da
ferde Iosep fram Galilea of t?receastre Nazareth on Iudeisce
ceastre Dauides, seo is genemned Bethleem, for tam te he w?s
of Dauides huse and hirede; t?t he ferde mid Mariante him
beweddod w?s, and w?s geeacnod. Sotlice w?s geworden ta hi tar
w?ron, hire dagas w?ron gefyllede t?t heo cende. And heo cende
hyre frumcennedan sunu, and hine mid cildclatum bewand, and
hine on binne alede, for tam te hig n?fdon rum on cumena huse.
And hyrdas w?ron on tam ylcan rice waciende, and nihtw?ccan
healdende ofer heora heorda. TA stod Drihtnes engel wit hig,
and Godes beorhtnes him ymbe scean; and hi him mycelum ege
adredon. And se engel him to cw?e, Nelle GE eow adr?dan;
sotlice nu ic eow bodie mycelne gefean, se bie eallum folce;
for tam to d?g eow ys H?lend acenned, se is Drihten Crist, on
Dauides ceastre. And tis tacen eow bye: GE gemetae an cild
hr?glum bewunden, and on binne aled. And TA w?s f?ringa
geworden mid tam engle mycelnes heofenlices werydes, God
heriendra and tus cwetendra, Gode sy wuldor on heahnesse, and
on eorean sybb mannum godes willan.

Middle English
(translation by John Wycliffe, c. 1380-83)
And it was don in tho daies, a maundement wente out fro the
emperour August, thatal the world schulde be discryued. This
firste discryuyng was maad of Cyryn, iustice of Sirie. And
alle men wenten to make professioun, ech in to his owne citee.
And Joseph went vp fro Galilee, fro the citee Nazareth, in to
Judee, in to a citee of Dauid, that is clepid Bethleem, for
that he was of the hous and of the meyne of Dauid, that he
schulde knouleche with Marie, his wijf, that was weddid to
hym, and was greet with child. And it was don, while thei
weren there, the daies were fulfillid, that sche schulde bere
child. And sche bare hir first borun sone, and wlappide hym in
clothis, and leide hym in a cratche, for ther was no place to
hym in no chaumbir. And scheepherdis weren in the same cuntre,
wakynge and kepynge the watchis of the nygt on her flok. And
lo! the aungel of the Lord stood bisidis hem, and the
cleernesse of God schinede aboute hem; and thei dredden with
greet drede. And the aungel seide to hem, Nyle ye drede; for
lo! Y preche to you a greet ioye, that schal be to al puple.
For a sauyoure is borun to dai to you, that is Crist the Lord,
in the citee of Dauid. And this is a tokene to you; ye schulen
fynde a yong child wlappid in clothis, and leid in a cratche.
And sudenli ther was maad with the aungel a multitude of
heuenli knygthod, heriynge God, and seiynge, Glorie be in the
higeste thingis to God, and in erthe pees be to men of good
wille.
(King James version, c. 1604)
And it came to passe in those dayes, that there went out a
decree from Cesar Augustus, that all the world should be
taxed. (And this taxing was first made when Cyrenius was
gouernor of Syria) And all went to bee taxed, euery one into
his owne citie. And Joseph also went vp fro Galilee, out of
the citie of Nazareth, into Judea, vnto the citie of Dauid,
which is called Bethlehem, (because he was of the house and
linage of Dauid,) To be taxed with Mary his espoused wife,
being great with child. And so it was, that while they were
there, the dayes were accomplished that she should be
deliuered. And she brought foorth her first borne sonne, and
wrapped him in swadling clothes, and laid him in a manger,
because there was no roome for them in the Inne. And there
were in the same countrey shepheards abiding in y field,
keeping watch ouer their flocke by night. And loe, the Angel
of the Lord came vpon them, and the glory of the Lord shone
round about them, and they were sore afraid. And the Angel
said vnto them, Feare not: For behold, I bring you good
tidings of great ioy, which shall be to all people. For vnto
you is borne this day, in the citie of Dauid, a Sauiour, which
is Christ the Lord. And this shall be a signe vnto you; yee
shall find the babe wrapped in swadling clothes lying in a
manger. And suddenly there was with the Angel a multitude of
the heauenly hoste praising God, and saying, Glory to God in
the highest, and on earth peace, good wil towards men.
Copyright 1996-2002 Shelley Hatfield.


文章来源http://xuexi88.blogspot.com/

阅读全文...

2009年5月10日星期日

世界上最早的手机是什么样的?

文章来源http://xuexi88.blogspot.com/


1973年4月的一天,一名男子站在纽约街头,掏出一个约有两块砖头大的无线电话,并打了一通,引得过路人纷纷驻足侧目。这个人就是手机的发明者马丁•库帕。当时,库帕是美国著名的摩托罗拉公司的工程技术人员。

这世界上第一通移动电话是打给他在贝尔实验室工作的一位对手,对方当时也在研制移动电话,但尚未成功。库帕后来回忆道:“我打电话给他说:‘乔,我现在正在用一部便携式蜂窝电话跟你通话。’我听到听筒那头的‘咬牙切齿’——虽然他已经保持了相当的礼貌。”

到今年4月,手机已经诞生整整30周年了。这个当年科技人员之间的竞争产物现在已经遍地开花,给我们的现代生活带来了极大的便利。

马丁•库帕今年已经74岁了,他在摩托罗拉工作了29年后,在硅谷创办了自己的通讯技术研究公司。目前,他是这个公司的董事长兼首席执行官。马丁 •库帕当时的想法,就是想让媒体知道无线通讯——特别是小小的移动通讯手机——是非常有价值的。另外,他还希望能激起美国联邦通讯委员会的兴趣,在摩托罗拉同AT&T(AT&T也是美国的一家通信大公司)的竞争中,能支持前者。

其实,再往前追溯,我们会发现,手机这个概念,早在40年代就出现了。当时,是美国最大的通讯公司贝尔实验室开始试制的。1946年,贝尔实验室造出了第一部所谓的移动通讯电话。但是,由于体积太大,研究人员只能把它放在实验室的架子上,慢慢人们就淡忘了。

一直到了60年代末期,AT&T和摩托罗拉这两个公司才开始对这种技术感兴趣起来。当时,AT&T出租一种体积很大的移动无线电话,客户可以把这种电话安在大卡车上。AT&T的设想是,将来能研制一种移动电话,功率是10瓦,就利用卡车上的无线电设备来加以沟通。库帕认为,这种电话太大太重,根本无法移动让人带着走。于是,摩托罗拉就向美国联邦通讯委员会提出申请,要求规定移动通讯设备的功率,只应该是一瓦,最大也不能超过三瓦。事实上,今天大多数手机的无线电功率,最大只有500毫瓦。

从1973年手机注册专利,一直到1985年,才诞生出第一台现代意义上的、真正可以移动的电话。它是将电源和天线放置在一个盒子中,重量达3公斤,非常重而且不方便,使用者要像背包那样背着它行走,所以就被叫做“肩背电话”。

与现在形状接近的手机,诞生于1987年。与“肩背电话”相比,它显得轻巧得多,而且容易携带。尽管如此,其重量仍有大约750克,与今天仅重60克的手机相比,像一块大砖头。

从那以后,手机的发展越来越迅速。1991年时,手机的重量为250克左右;1996年秋,出现了体积为100立方厘米、重量100克的手机。此后又进一步小型化、轻型化,到1999年就轻到了60克以下。也就是说,一部手机比一枚鸡蛋重不了多少了。

除了质量和体积越来越小外,现代的手机已经越来越像一把多功能的瑞士军刀了。除了最基本的通话功能,新型的手机还可以用来收发邮件和短消息,可以上网、玩游戏、拍照,甚至可以看电影!这是最初的手机发明者所始料不及的。

在通讯技术方面,现代手机也有着明显的进步。当库帕打世界第一通移动电话时,他可以使用任意的电磁频段。事实上,第一代模拟手机就是靠频率的不同来区别不同用户的不同手机。第二代手机——GSM系统则是靠极其微小的时差来区分用户。

毫无疑问,摩托罗拉是现代通信的鼻祖和重大标准的制定者,其研究范围已经远远超越了手机本身。
文章来源http://xuexi88.blogspot.com/

阅读全文...